• Asymmetric Function That Generates New Keys Every Time It Runs Away
• Asymmetric Function That Generates New Keys Every Time It Runs In Texas

APPLIES TO: SQL Server Azure SQL Database Azure Synapse Analytics (SQL DW) Parallel Data Warehouse

Which of the following is an asymmetric function that generates a new and separate key every time it runs? Asymmetric key algorithms can also be used by two entities to agree on a single key without worrying about eavesdropping by an adversary, which is a tremendously important step in key management. However, there are several services and strategies that cannot be fulfilled using cryptography or cryptosystems.

This topic describes how to create identical symmetric keys on two different servers in SQL Server 2019 (15.x) by using Transact-SQL. In order to decrypt ciphertext, you need the key that was used to encrypt it. When both encryption and decryption occur in a single database, the key is stored in the database and it is available, depending on permissions, for both encryption and decryption. But when encryption and decryption occur in separate databases or on separate servers, the key stored in one database is not available for use on the second database.

Before You Begin

Limitations and Restrictions

(f) TRUE or FALSE: An attraction of public key cryptography is that, if implemented properly, the algo-rithms generally run much faster than those for symmetric key cryptography. (g) TRUE or FALSE: Memory protection, as found in a typical operating system, prevents malicious code running in kernel mode from writing to application-owned pages. Asymmetric encryption uses two keys instead of only one. These keys are mathematically related and are called the public key and the private key. The public key is known to everyone and can be freely distributed, while the private key is known only to the individual to whom it belongs. Yes, you can use PBKDF to derive keys for asymmetric encryption too. This is most convenient with encryption schemes such as ElGamal, IES or their elliptic curve variants, where a private key is simply a random number chosen from a given interval. In principle, you could do the same with RSA too.

• When a symmetric key is created, the symmetric key must be encrypted by using at least one of the following: certificate, password, symmetric key, asymmetric key, or PROVIDER. The key can have more than one encryption of each type. In other words, a single symmetric key can be encrypted by using multiple certificates, passwords, symmetric keys, and asymmetric keys at the same time.

• When a symmetric key is encrypted with a password instead of the public key of the database master key, the TRIPLE DES encryption algorithm is used. Because of this, keys that are created with a strong encryption algorithm, such as AES, are themselves secured by a weaker algorithm.

Security

Permissions

Requires ALTER ANY SYMMETRIC KEY permission on the database. If AUTHORIZATION is specified, requires IMPERSONATE permission on the database user or ALTER permission on the application role. If encryption is by certificate or asymmetric key, requires VIEW DEFINITION permission on the certificate or asymmetric key. Only Windows logins, SQL Server logins, and application roles can own symmetric keys. Groups and roles cannot own symmetric keys.

Using Transact-SQL

Asymmetric Function That Generates New Keys Every Time It Runs Away

To create identical symmetric keys on two different servers

1. In Object Explorer, connect to an instance of Database Engine.

2. On the Standard bar, click New Query.

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3. Create a key by running the following CREATE MASTER KEY, CREATE CERTIFICATE, and CREATE SYMMETRIC KEY statements.

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4. Connect to a separate server instance, open a different Query Window, and run the SQL statements above to create the same key on the second server.

5. Test the keys by first running the OPEN SYMMETRIC KEY statement and the SELECT statement below on the first server.

6. On the second server, paste the result of the previous SELECT statement into the following code as the value of @blob and run the following code to verify that the duplicate key can decrypt the ciphertext.

7. Close the symmetric key on both servers.

Encryption changes in SQL Server 2017 CU2

SQL Server 2016 uses the SHA1 hashing algorithm for its encryption work. Starting in SQL Server 2017, SHA2 is used instead. This means extra steps might be necessary to have your SQL Server 2017 installation decrypt items that were encrypted by SQL Server 2016. Here are the extra steps:

• Ensure your SQL Server 2017 is updated to at least Cumulative Update 2 (CU2).
  • See Cumulative Update 2 (CU2) for SQL Server 2017 for important details.
• After you install CU2, turn on trace flag 4631 in SQL Server 2017: DBCC TRACEON(4631, -1);
  • Trace flag 4631 is new in SQL Server 2017. Trace flag 4631 needs to be ON globally before you create the master key, certificate, or symmetrical key in SQL Server 2017. This enables these created items to interoperate with SQL Server 2016 and earlier versions.

For more guidance, see:

Asymmetric Function That Generates New Keys Every Time It Runs In Texas

• Identical symmetric keys do not work between SQL Server 2017 and other SQL Server version

For more information

Cryptography

Derrick Rountree, in Security for Microsoft Windows System Administrators, 2011

Asymmetric Encryption

Asymmetric encryption is also referred to as public key encryption. In asymmetric encryption, both the encrypting and decrypting systems have a set of keys. One is called the public key, and another is called the private key. If the message is encrypted with one key in the pair, the message can be decrypted only with the other key in the pair.

Asymmetric key algorithms are not quite as fast as symmetric key algorithms. This is partially due to the fact that asymmetric key algorithms are generally more complex, using a more sophisticated set of functions.

Asymmetric Key Algorithms

Asymmetric key algorithms aren't as widely used as their symmetric counterparts. So we'll just go over two of the big ones: Diffie-Hellman and RSA.

Diffie-Hellman: The Diffie-Hellman algorithm was one of the earliest known asymmetric key implementations. The Diffie-Hellman algorithm is mostly used for key exchange. Although symmetric key algorithms are fast and secure, key exchange is always a problem. You have to figure out a way to get the private key to all systems. The Diffie-Hellman algorithm helps with this. The Diffie-Hellman algorithm will be used to establish a secure communication channel. This channel is used by the systems to exchange a private key. This private key is then used to do symmetric encryption between the two systems.

RSA: It is the Rivest Shamir Adelman algorithm. RSA was developed in 1978. RSA was the first widely used asymmetric algorithms used for signing and encryption. It supports key lengths of 768 and 1,024 bits. The RSA algorithm uses a three-part process. The first part is key generation. The keys used in the RSA algorithm are generated using mathematical operations based on prime numbers. The second part of the process is encryption. This encryption is done using one of the keys in the key pair. The third part of the process is decryption. The decryption is done using the other key in the key pair.